Other direct-shear apparatus and test methods are presented elsewhere ( Am. tous les mots . According to Srinivasamoorthy (2009), the important purpose of electrical surveys is to determine the subsurface resistivity distribution by making measurements on the ground surface. Thus a sample deposited vertically through the top of the apparatus (in the conventional way/ and tested horizontally in the direct shear will yield a plane strain angle of friction close to the minimum value for the soil. In recent tragedy on April 5 2008 at 9 pm,sliding of some boulders onto one old bridge in km 38.4,FT055,Kuala Kubu Road-Raub ,Fraser Hill ,Raub district, Pahang had occurred. The road to the hill resort winds for about 35 km after the Gap. Each type of array has its advantages and disadvantages. The ground resistivity is related to various geological parameters such as the mineral and fluid content, porosity and degree of water saturation in the rock. As pointed out by Boulon and colleagues, a significant amount of research established that the shear band in a direct shear interface test is geometrically homogenous. Achetez neuf ou d'occasion The resistivity of subsurface rock formations is one of the physical properties determined through the process of logging that is performed on most oil and gas wells, utilizing instrumentation inserted into the wellbore. Currently, monitoring tenders are issued by the government institutions which are carried on by the private sector. To determine the subsurface characteristics of the study area based upon electrical resistivity images. From these measurements, the true resistivity of the subsurface can be estimated. After the field survey, the resistance measurements are reduced to apparent resistivity values. The ground resistivity is related to various geological parameters such as the mineral and fluid content, porosity and degree of water saturation in the rock. 1st Jan 1970 Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. You can view samples of our professional work here. Line 1 gave almost identical shear strength results with line 2 but line 1 is prone to have landslides because of its slope degree higher than line 2. Geological setting From geological point of view the study area is located in an alluvium plain which some sedimentary rocks have outcrops as small hills. Landslide is defined as the movement of a mass of rock, scattered rubbish or earth down a slope. An open pit is operated in this area. Most of the area were consist of granite and higher resistivity indicate it has low saturated water. resistivity method @Termium Traductions devinées. For instance, water supplies, fisheries, sewage disposal systems, forests, dams, and roadways can be affected for years after a slide event. The relationship between the “apparent” resistivity and the “true” resistivity is a complex relationship. Landslides can affect water availabiity, quantity, and quality. Huat (2005), Malaysia is one of the countries located in the tropical region. This current causes a potential difference in the ground which is measured by a separate pair of electrodes. As an elemental test for soil, the direct shear test is subject to problems associated with fabric, stress and strain non-uniformity; however, Boulon and colleagues suggest that for interface testing it is appropriate and practical. The arrays supported by this program are the Wenner (Alpha, Beta and Gamma configurations – the Alpha configuration is normally used for field surveys and usually just referred to as the “Wenner” array), Wenner-Schlumberger, pole-pole, inline dipole-dipole, pole-dipole and equatorial dipole-dipole (Edwards 1977). Electric surveys are used instead of drilling methods to eliminate the chance of … On the other hand, quantitative assessment of transport behaviours in soil sand rocks from ERT data is recorded in poor manner. Faire correspondre . For example, with waste detection, electric resistivity techniques may provide a more environmentally friendly way of acquiring data. Experimental results indicate the good correlation between the measured soil electrical resistance and the water content. The relevance of electrical surveys is to identify the subsurface resistivity distribution by making measurements on the ground surface. The normal stresses and the corresponding values of ?f obtained from a number of strength parameters are determined. For the next 60 years, conventional sounding surveys (Koefoed 1979) were normally used for quantitative understanding. Within the last few years, IT technology has been applied to monitor critical landslide after the tragedy of landslide in Antarabangsa Hill and Taman Hillview tragedy situated within Kuala Lumpur. The moisture content and saturation percentage of this soil is low so that its resistivity is high. Study for free with our range of university lectures! A change in electrical resistivity may suggest changes in composition, layer thickness, or pollution levels. Because of global climate change, drought occurs in increasing intensity and frequency across the world. Fraser Hill is a popular highland resort in Malaysia. Education In addition, “pseudo-oedometric” loading and unloading paths, initiated after shearing can be conducted (involve changes in normal stress with no displacement tangent to the interface). The simplicity of the testing operation and interpretation of test results make the direct shear box a good choice to begin the study of the complicated behavior of unsaturated soil interfaces. Because of this property, the Wenner array is relatively sensitive to vertical changes in the subsurface resistivity below the centre of the array. The voltage measured can then, using the parameters of the survey, be converted into an apparent resistivity value. The dipole-dipole array gives good horizontal resolution but may have a poor signal-to-noise ratio because the potential electrodes are outside of the current electrodes. This program is largely intended for teaching about the use of the 2-D electrical imaging method. As mentioned, the direct shear test has some inherent problems (principal stress rotation, stress non-uniformity, failure plane definition); however, it is fairly well suited for interface testing. The calculated resistivity value is not the true resistivity of the subsurface, but an “apparent” value which is the resistivity of a homogeneous ground which will give the same resistance value for the same electrode arrangement. In recent years complex ERT inversion techniques have been constructed, making tomographic imaging of subsurface ?uid movement possible. (http://www.marimari.com/hotel/malaysia/hill/fraser.html). Electrical resistivity methods. Electrical resistivity/resistance method (ERM) The use of ERM refers to measuring soil apparent resistivity as a function of soil physical properties. Application of this method to sites located in alluvial deposits in Iowa revealed that the degree of success of the method was directly related to the degree of contamination. An environmental chamber filled with initially saturated sand was designed for the evaporation test. A calibration relationship between the recorded soil electrical resistance by ERM and the water content measured by the oven drying method was established. In addition, the monitoring instruments were usually installed after the landslide had occurred, in a place where the slope reached equilibrium state. Resistivity meters normally give a resistance value, R = V/I, so in practice the apparent resistivity value is calculated by. les mots exacts . Surface geoelectric prospecting techniques detect the effects of induced electric currents flowing through the ground. Previous studies include monitoring of groundwater ?ow by pro?ling or mapping the electrical response to an injected salinetracer, either lonely from the ground surface (White,1988,1994; Osiensky and Donaldson, 1995; Morrisetal., 1996) or in bore holes (Bevcand Morrison, 1991). taught from a physics perspective, yet the application of the theory to the real world is the overriding goal. In particular, the device can be used to model loading and unloading conditions under constant normal stress and constant volume conditions, which represent extreme stress paths. This program will hopefully help you in choosing the “best” array for a particular survey area after carefully balancing factors such as the cost, depth of investigation, resolution and practicality. The direct-shear test is one of the oldest methods for determining the shear strength of soil materials. Electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) known also as electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) or continuous vertical electrical sounding (CVES), described in detail by Dahlin (1996) and Loke (2011), has been used in the investigations. They are based on the principle that measurements of electrical potential at the surface depend on subsurface distributions of electrical resistivity (in Om). A recent problem faced in Malaysia is landslides on hill slopes. Electrical resistivity imaging is a widely used tool in near surface geophysical surveys for investigation of various geological, environmental and engineering problems including landslide. More recently, it has been used for environmental surveys. The electrical resistivity method is the most widely used and it has proved particularly effective in groundwater exploration because many geological formation properties such as porosity and permeability that are critical to hydrogeology can be correlated with electrical conductivity signatures (Eke and Igboekwe, 2011). The resistivity measurements are normally made by injecting current into the ground through two current electrodes (C1 and C2), and measuring the resulting voltage difference at two potential electrodes (P1 and P2). All landslides are triggered by similar causes (Bujang B.K. In the previous work,an attempt is being made to related electrical resistivity measurement to slope stability of a sloping ground via electrical resistivity-shear strength relationships. The direct shear box apparatus is simple to use and has a long history in soil mechanics. More recently, it has been used for environmental surveys. A 3-D resistivity survey and interpretation model should be even more accurate in theory. 1990) and fast computer inversion software (Loke 1994). Normal force applied from top of shear box by dead weights. 2. The landslides are often triggered by water accumulation within part of the slope which leads to weakening of a section of the slope. Application of the Electrical Resistivity Method in Groundwater Exploration CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND. Figure 3: Data Acquisition Map of the Study Area. The cohesion and angle of friction value obtained from shear strength results were important parameter because it give indication on how strong the soil can be shear. A range of behaviors can be investigated by applying these test conditions to soils with different initial states ranging from very loose to very dense. Electrical resistivity surveys have been used for many decades in hydro geological, mining and geotechnical investigations. In order to combine the benefits derived from the standard electrode arrays and/or different electrode spacings in some field profiles, both of them were obtained independently, and then combined in a mixed array that has been jointly inverted and interpreted. ( Binleyetal. Hence, it is necessary to briefly describe the soil strength component of the work,as follows: The shearing behaviour of sand has so far been assumed to be isotropic; that is,the sand at a given density and mean stress level subject to any plane strain shear test has been assumed to have a unique peak angle of friction. According to Lagmanson (2005), some properties which affect the resistivity of rock and soil are porosity,moisture content,dissolved electrolytes, temperature of pore water, and conductivity of minerals The proposed laboratory method. This road is the only one that is connecting Kuala Kubu Baru or Fraser Hill to Raub. Practically all commercial multi-electrode systems come with the computer software to carry out this conversion. All work is written to order. View APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY METHOD Research Papers on Academia.edu for free. application of electrical resistivity method to sodium sulfate exploration. The ground resistivity is related to various geological parameters such as the mineral and fluid content, porosity and degree of water saturation in the rock. Landslide occurrence is common in hilly terrain of the tropical region due to weather conditions, thick soil profile and lack of slope stability analysis. In tropical countries where yearly rainfall can reach as high as 4500mm and high temperatures around the year caused extreme weathering to their soil and rock profile where in certain area can stretch out 100 m in depth. Soc. The resistivity measurements are normally made by injecting current into the ground through two current electrodes (C1 and C2 in figure 3.2), and measuring the resulting voltage difference at two potential electrodes (P1 and P2). No plagiarism, guaranteed! Besides, a numerical approach combining a soil-atmosphere interaction model and a coupled hydro-thermal model was employed to study the evaporation-induced variations of soil water content. The bad economic effects of landslides include the cost to repair structures, loss of property value, distruption of lost timber and fish stocks. … In this study,there are two main objectives as follow: The resistivity method has its origin in the 1920’s due to the work of the Schlumberger brothers. The loading paths possible with direct shear interface testing bracket those expected along a pile interface, i.e., lying somewhere between a constant normal stress and constant volume condition. The relationship of shear strength of a soil and resistivity can be obtained by knowing the factors that contribute to the shear strength value such as moisture content,porosity,and saturation percentage. The true resistivity of the subsurface can be quantified from these measurements (Singh et al 2006). The Fraser Hill geomorphology is characterized by hilly terrain and most of the natural slopes are steep with 50° gradients (IKRAM, 2007). ), which are closely related to electrical resistivity distribution. The direct shear test has been criticized for the non-homogeneity of the stress-strain state within the direct shear box; however, numerical modeling using the finite element method has demonstrated close similarity between the direct shear and the simple shear test (Jewell 1989). 1995). The electrical resistivity method has been used to delineate shallow zones of ground‐water contamination resulting from solid waste disposal sites. Looking for a flexible role? The resort is about an hour and a half away from Kuala Lumpur. From the current (I) and voltage (V) values, an apparent resistivity (pa) value is calculated. One landslide occurred in km 90,FT055,Kuala Lumpur/Kuala Lipis (Gap Road/Tranum),Fraser Hill starting December 16 2007 until almost recently. Retrouvez Groundwater Reserve Assessment: Application of Electrical Resistivity Method et des millions de livres en stock sur Amazon.fr. Eventhough water itself is not a good conductor of electricity, ground water in most cases contains dissolved compounds that greatly improve its skill to conduct electricity. Fraser’s Hill located neatly at 1,524 meters above sea level, substantial to the north of the Genting Highlands and also in Pahang. To determine the true subsurface resistivity, an inversion of the measured apparent resistivity values using a computer program must be carried out. Noté /5. ERM performance in the detecting and mapping of cracks initiation, propagation, and coalescence processes in the 2D/3D scale needs to be studied to provide the technical support for its field application. Copper: It is most widely used metal because soft its high conductivity (i.e., low resistivity), Silver has the lowest resistivity but due to its high cost it is not used as conducting material. ERM presents potential in laboratorial test and feasibility in field monitoring of soil hydraulic responses to drought. narrow vertical structures. Electrical Resistivity Method (ERM) is … The estimated soil water contents by ERM were further compared with the results obtained using the numerical method. We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your UKEssays purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk. Its scope has recently been extended to civil & environmental areas because of new developments that allow it to image, underground structures effectively. Therefore, landslides monitoring in nation scale will be highly appropriate. The application, interpretation, and understanding of electrical methods requires a familiarity with the relationship between soil and rock characteristics and the resistivities obtained from electrical data. There are many applications for electric resistivity methods including groundwater detection, mineral identification, waste exploration, oil identification, and several others. Afterwards, the variations of soil water content at different depths were estimated based on the developed calibration relationship and compared with the TDR results. The remainder of the device was assembled and the initial thickness of the soil specimen were determined from the vertical dial, which has been previously calibrated under the normal load with the blank substituted for specimen. To assess the slope stability of Jalan Baru Gap,Fraser’s Hill. In this method, the centre point of the electrode array remains unchanged, but the spacing between the electrodes is increased to produce more explaination about the deeper sections of the subsurface. The attractiveness of Fraser’s Hill is based majorly on its cool mountain air, its abundance of luxuriant vegetation, and its peace and tranquility–all of which have made it a favored destination for birdwatchers. The apparatus described herein is relatively small and is suitable only for fine-grained soils, but larger apparatus can be used satisfactorily to test gravels. This study presents that the developed ERM is effective to record soil moisture dynamics, especially in the near-surface zone, in small-scale evaporation tests. The resistivity method is used in the study of horizontal and vertical discontinuities in the electrical properties of the ground. The word landslide also mentions to the geomorphic characteristics that result from the event. The relationship between the “apparent” resistivity and the “true” resistivity is a complex relationship. Two-dimensional (2D) electrical resistivity imaging surveys were performed along four profiles in the study site. In the case of soil testing, the problems with direct shear testing are important from a continuum mechanics perspective; however, if the interface direct shear test is considered as a surface test, then homogeneity is required only along the idealized shear band. Resistivity of Earth Materials. The desired normal load was then applied. Resistivity measurement using ABEM Terrameter SAS 4000. *You can also browse our support articles here >. Also, resistivity surveys may be used as a reconnaissance method, to detect anomalies that can be further investigated by complementary geophysical methods and/or drill holes. This study aims to develop an ERM with a high spatial resolution and study the ERM performance in the characterization of soil water content dynamics from a quantitative point of view in small-scale evaporation tests, in order to support the future study of desiccation cracking in field investigations. Majotiry of rock-forming minerals are electrical insulators although some native metals and graphite conduct electricity .The measured resistivities in earth materials are majorly controlled by the movement of charged ions in pore fluids. However, at the present time, Dahlin (1996) reported that 2-D surveys are the most effective economic acceptance between obtaining very successful results and keeping the survey expenses down. The location of the electrodes and apparent resistivity values must be entered into a text file which can be read by the RES2DINV program. Electrical resistivity imaging is a widely used tool in near surface geophysical surveys for investigation of various geological, environmental and engineering problems including landslide. As the chamber was subjected to drying, the evolutions of soil electrical resistance and water content at different depths were monitored continuously by the installed sixty electrodes and six time domain reflectometers (TDR) sensors, respectively. The difference between the maximum peak plane strain angle of friction which occurs when the sample is sheared across the bedding planes, and the minimum peak plane strain angle of friction which occurs when the sample is sheared along the bedding planes,is likely to depend on the soil particle shape and grading,and the method of soil deposition,among other factors. Applications of Low Resistivity Materials: i. The electrical resistivity method, which is one of the most widely practiced geophysical prospecting methods, has in the past usually been applied to groundwater and underground resource exploration. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UKEssays.com. A computer program is then used to determine the resistivity of the blocks so that the calculated apparent resistivity values agree with the measured values from the field survey. This is a robust array that was popularized by the pioneering work carried by The University of Birmingham research group (Griffiths and Turnbull 1985; Griffiths, Turnbull and Olayinka 1990). ERM has been applied for many years to determine the thickness of layered media as well to map geological environment of existing aquifer. The evaporation process with the movement of the evaporation front in the studied soil sample was also discussed in depth. The profile are line 1, line 2, line 3 and line 4. Boulon (1989) and Boulon et al. Important aspects of the procedure include measuring the vertical load in the lower half of the box, and maintaining the size of the opening between the two halves of the shear box at a fixed value of approximately 10-20 times the mean particle diameter of the test specimen. The recent study is managing geoelectrical resistivity field survey that was completed by applying VES method which measures the variation of the electrical resistivity with depth. The calculated resistivity value is not the true resistivity of the subsurface, but an “apparent” value which is the resistivity of a homogeneous ground which will give the same resistance value for the same electrode arrangement. It utilizes direct currents or low frequency alternating currents to investigate the electrical properties (resistivity) of the subsurface. Electrical Resistivity Method (ERM) is one of geophysical tool that offer very attractive technique for subsurface profile characterization in larger area. Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland 2) Faculty of Civil Engineering, Warsaw … Thus, it is important to accurately map the zone of ground water accumulation. However, it is less sensitive to horizontal changes in the subsurface resistivity. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2020.102873. Geotechnical studies and engineering prospects to assess and stabilize potentially dangerous can be costly. This will increase the probability of landslides. Many of the early 2-D surveys were carried out with this array. Jan Mudler, Andreas Hördt, Anita Przyklenk, Gianluca Fiandaca, Pradip Kumar Maurya, Christian Hauck, Two-dimensional inversion of wideband spectral data from the capacitively coupled resistivity method – first applications in periglacial environments, The Cryosphere, 10.5194/tc … Variations in electrical resistivity may indicate change in composition,layer thickness, or contaminant levels. Applications. Landslides have caused mammoth numbers of casualties and big economic losses in hilly and mountainous areas of the world. Landslide is one of the most destructive natural disasters in tropical region with these set of climate and geological condition, combined with other causative factors. The concepts involved in electrical resistivity studies are firstdiscussed in a general sense, and then they are studied through the application of the relevant electromagnetic theory. In dense sand, the resisting shear stress increases with shear displacement until it reaches a failure stress, ?f. 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