The ethnic groups of Pakistan and the Indian Muslims who left India after partition were greatly different in language and way of life from the former East Bengalis: West Pakistan was more oriented toward the Middle East and Arab Islamic influence than was East Pakistan, which contained Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic, and British cultural influences. policy and many Bengali students lost their lives in these protests. Repeated martial laws created a sense of deprivation in the people of East Pakistan. The Conflict over Language: The people of East Pakistan opposed the govt. In 1948, Mohammad Ali Jinnah stated in Dhaka that Urdu was the official language for Pakistan. One Unit of West Pakistan October 1955. There was also the language issue that kept East Pakistan and West Pakistan in an uneasy status. Pakistan and Bangladesh are both South Asian Muslim-majority countries. Following the end of the British Raj, the two countries formed a single state for 24 years. declined, leading to … The resulting refugee crisis led to the intervention by India, eventually leading to the surrender of the Pakistani Army. Mohammad Niaz Asadullah*. The Bengalis grew hatred with West Pakistan. The question as to what would be the state language of Pakistan was raised immediately after its creation. Pre-Crisis Phase (August 14, 1947-January 5, 1968): The Dominion of Pakistan, including West Pakistan and East Pakistan (Province of East Bengal), was formally established on August 14, 1947. Regional tensions were reduced by the Simla accord of 1972 and by Pakistan's recognition of Bangladesh in 1974. Trade caused economic disparities between East and West Pakistan. Dhirendranath Dutt also a part of this conflict, and Mujib Ur Rehman few points are tricky and self-centered which create lots of agitation between East and West Pakistan. The history of East Pakistan from 1947 to 1971 covers the period ofBangladesh's history between its independence as a part of Pakistan from British colonial rule in 1947 to its independence from Pakistan in 1971. The Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the People's Republic of Bangladesh. History concurs with this notion as ethnic differences comprising of economical and military disparities and language controversy lead to a war in 1971 between East and West Pakistan. By 1970, sentiments for national unity had weakened in East Pakistan to the extent that constant conflict between the two Wings dramatically erupted into mass civil disorder. Cultural, linguistic, and ethnic differences were also present between East and West Pakistan. Bangladesh - Bangladesh - The Pakistani period, 1947–71: Although the boundaries of East Bengal were based ostensibly on religion, they did not entirely reflect it. East Bengal, on the eastern side of India, was known as East Pakistan, while the remainder, separated by more than one thousand miles, was known as West Pakistan. Sir Frederick Chalmers Bourne was appointed as Governor of East Bengal and Khawaja Nazimudin of the Muslim League (ML) was appointed as Chief Minister of the Province of East Bengal on August 14, 1947. Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. The population of East Pakistan was culturally uniform and the most of the people in eastern wing spoke Bengali language. However, in 1952, when Pakistan declared Urdu its national language, it was hugely opposed by the people of East Pakistan (the … There is no denying the fact that it was the language issue in East Bengal that ultimately led to the breakup of Pakistan. One Unit of West Pakistan was established on 14th October 1955. Over all minor misunderstanding between East & West Pakistan led to the major conflict. The Simla accord committed both sides to working through outstanding issues bilaterally and through the mechanism of working groups. It also solved the problem of national language by suggesting Urdu and Bengali both as national language. Pakistan on the other hand, was created with mutual understanding between East and West, ( Muhammad Ali Jinnah was from West Pakistan (today's Pakistan) and Sir Nawab Salimullah, the founder of Muslim League was from East Pakistan (today's Bangladesh)). The two sides also went to a war in 1971 over Bangladesh-East-Pakistan Crisis. On March 25th 1971, West Pakistan began a civil war to subdue the democratic victory of East Pakistanis. On the same day, East Pakistan got independence from West Pakistan and became Bangladesh. This paper documents the regional divide in educational facilities between. The central leaders and the Urdu-speaking intellectuals of Pakistan declared that urdu would be the state language of Pakistan, just as Hindi was the state language of India. Pakistan was geographically separated into East Pakistan (modern day Bangladesh) and West Pakistan (modern day Pakistan). 8017 m in West Pakistan. Most of the West Pakistanis spoke Punjabi and Sindhi, while East Pakistanis spoke Bangla. According to an estimate, the total government sector developmental outlay between 1947-48 and 1959-60 amounted to about Rs. Summary Between 1947 and 1956, the language issue created tension between the people of East and West Pakistan. People protested against the govt. 2750 m in East Pakistan and Rs. Seventeen hundred miles of India separated the two regions. The principle of parity and representation of the population was appreciated. The Bengalis of East Pakistan, who had more in common with India than Pakistan, were considered “inferior Muslims” by most Pakistanis. The stage was now set for a military showdown between India and Pakistan. Although there were numerous other factors that had contributed to this difference, language was the one critical catalyst for Bengali self-determination. The Bengalis did not fit the “tall, handsome, and martial” characteristics that those in West Pakistan consideredessential to be a “proper Muslim” (Hussain). This began the war between the Pakistani military and the Mukhti Bahini. During pre-independence, Muslims fell for the malicious propaganda of the pro- Pakistani Muslim leaders that they would be treated as second class citizens in a Hindu majority India. Address in 1930, he did not even mention Bangladesh as being a part of Pakistan. Pakistan (formerly West Pakistan) recognized Bangladesh in 1974 after pressure from across the Muslim world. 1947 October: Formation of Rashtra Bhasha Sangram Parishad. It is a historical fact , Yahya had told Mujeeb while his visit to Dhaka , that Mujeeb would be next PM . The refusal to accept Bengali as a state language of Pakistan in the early years after Partition, economic disparity between the two parts, the hegemony of … There was a big argument about this because only the Muhajir in the West and the Biharis in the East spoke Urdu. According to Dr. Mahbubul Haq, there did occur a net transfer of resources from East to West Pakistan, both during the pre-plan and plan periods. East Pakistan became the independent country of Bangladesh on 6 December 1971. Due to the poor management of the military junta of West Pakistan, the Pakistani army surrendered before the Indian army on December 16, 1971. East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and West Pakistan between 1947 and 1971. policy on language issue. Lack of democracy disappointed the Bengalis. Contrary to West … The students and intellectuals of East Pakistan, however, demanded that Bangla be made one of the state languages. But it was only one example of the many justices which the people of East Pakistan had to suffer at the time. East and West Pakistan, administered by one government, became independent of their colonial master in 1947, when Britain was forced out. [[[East Pakistan separated from West Pakistan because of neglect and abuse on part of West Pakistan. A number of Bengali students lost their lives in the demonstrations held against the government’s policy. During this period, the total number of primary schools in East Pakistan. The separation of East Pakistan was a great setback to Pakistan. Summary Between 1947 and 1956, the language issue created tension between the people of East and West Pakistan. The two physical units were united politically. East Pakistan exports were the main source of foreign exchange and which was used for the imports of consumer goods and industrial machinery in West Pakistan. Literacy rate of East Pakistan far exceeded West Pakistan’s literacy rate. Owing to disagreements between the Hindu and Muslim contingents of the commission tasked with delimiting the province, the frontiers were ultimately determined by the head of the commission, Sir Cyril Radcliffe. 1947–58. Conclusion Minor misunderstandings between East & West Pakistan led to major conflicts. East Pakistan Ever since the formation of Pakistan and India, the East Pakistani population saw a cultural divide between themselves and their Western counterpart. The issue of official language only Urdu angered the Bengalis. Needless to mention most of the West Pakistani's hatred towards East Bengalis because of their dark complexion, different language and culture; they found no reason to travel to East Bengal. Social, cultural, language problem also play its role. It resulted in separation of East Pakistan which became Bangladesh. To understand the separation of East Pakistan in 1971, it is necessary to put the events of that year in the proper perspective of the unstable relationship between East and West Pakistan from 1947 onwards. Again, as Pakistan was getting a lot of aid from Western bloc led by USA, it gave them a false sense of a wealthy state. The Indians, however, dropped their objections to western military aid and began a vigorous rearmament campaign after the humiliating defeat they suffered at the hands of Chinese. It was welcomed in both parts of the country. But it was only one example of the many justices which the people of East Pakistan had to suffer at the time. The Bengalis took processions in favor of their Bengali language even in the life time of Quaid-e-Azam. East Pakistan was fairly lawless and forgotten by West Pakistan. 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