• What is the research question? Terms •Epidemic = Outbreak (Outbreak -> a sense of emergency, Epidemic -> a sense of wide spreading) •Cluster = an aggregation of cases in a given place & time •Pandemic = The epidemic that spreads over many countries or regions of the world •Endemic = A disease that normally occurs in an area . Overview of Epidemiological Study Designs 1 Madhukar Pai, MD, PhD McGill University madhukar.pai@mcgill.ca. OVERVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY DESIGN SPRING 2020 1 Kristin Wall, PhD Department of Epidemiology kmwall@emory.edu. Once this distinction has been drawn, then the different epidemiological study designs differ primarily in the manner in which information is drawn from the source population and risk period. Design of Case-control study - II Controls should be representative of the population from which the cases are recruited Cases and controls must be comparable in all factors that may be related to the disease except for presence of disease Controls can be chosen to match cases for certain important variables such as age, sex, etc = Matched Case-control design. Study Design Designing a research study is not a simple task. Study Designs in Epidemiologic Research Thomas Songer, PhD Modified by Supercourse team * Descriptive study designs include case reports, case series, incidence studies, and ecologic studies. STUDY DESIGNS - An Overview Dr Lipilekha Patnaik professor, Community Medicine Institute of Medical Sciences & SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan deemed to be University Bhubaneswar, ODISHA, INDIA E mail– drlipilekha@yahoo.co.in 1 Mweu, MBChB Level V Epidemiology, 11 October, 2019 UoN School of Public 2. Epidemiology Definition: By John M. Last in 1988 as, “ The study of the distribution and determinants of health –related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.” 3. Study designs, Epidemiological study design, Types of studies 1. 8. .A presentation on epidemiological study designs.Epidemiological study designs 1. OUTLINE Definition of epidemiology Measures of disease frequency and association Study designs Descriptive studies Analytic studies Experimental (Randomized trials) Observational (Cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies) 2. Case-control studies are particularly useful when you don’t have the luxury of waiting for a long follow-up period to conclude. Request PDF | On Apr 1, 2012, Neil Pearce published Classification of epidemiological study designs | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Causation support diagnosis of disease such as by PDF | On Sep 1, 2000, J M Stephenson and others published Overview of study design in clinical epidemiology | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate A prospective study is one where the study starts before the exposure and outcome are ascertained. Timeframe of Studies Prospective Study looks forward, looks to the future, examines future events, follows a condition, concern or disease into the future time Study begins here. for epidemiological study designs, a topic about which there has been considerable debate over several dec-ades. TYPES OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DESIGNS R.Malarvizhi 2. Causation is a term used in epidemiology and public health to describe etiology of a disease. Incidence studies. through contaminated water, Snow’s efforts helped lay the foundation for modern epidemiological studies, which collect data and test hypotheses relative to a vast range of factors that affect diseases—from genetic variability to socioeconomic status—with the ultimate goal of improving public health. Exposures & Outcomes 2 A major goal of epi research is causality Epi studies measure 3 things: exposures, confounders & outcomes Once quantified, the association between exposure and outcome is the central focus There are many ways of evaluating the association … Questions to ask yourself • What is the population of interest? To prepare, review the Learning Resources about epidemiologic study designs. Common study designs include case control, cohort, cross-sectional, and community intervention trials. There are two broad types of epidemiological studies: 1. !3! Observational studies – we do not interfere in the process of the disease, but simply observe the disease and the associated factors. Overview of Epidemiological Study Designs Madhukar Pai, MD, PhD McGill University madhukar.pai@mcgill.ca. Types of epidemiological designs 1. Thanks. Epidemiological study designs- Examples of medical sciences Maryam Askari 1*, Hassan ali Mahmoudi Kohani 1, Nasim Namiranian 1 Email: Dear editor pidemiology is the study and analysis of distribution and determinants of health-related conditions or events including diseases, and the practice of this study to the control of diseases and other health problems (1). Epidemiological Study Designs -With One Example - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. Just as the key elements and determinants of outcomes of war are fixed even before it is fought (i.e., at its planning stages), the success of a study is also largely determined at its initial planning stage. Epidemiological study design Paul Pharoah Department of Public Health and Primary Care . Overview • Study Designs – Descriptive – Analytical •Observational •Experimental • Survey Development • EHR Data . Study Design for Outbreak Investigation A workshop NPW, Myanmar, Nov 27-Dec 1, 2017 . Based on media descriptions of the research, however, facts about the issue under study may appear less than obvious. Incidence studies ideally measure exposures, confounders and outcome times of all population members. Cross-sectional, cohort and case control studies. Our knowledge of molecular biology, cellular biology, physiology and pathology is a fundamental part of clinical medicine. Types of Epidemiological Study Designs IV. See more at www.boardsbeyond.com. epidemiological study designs Irene Petersen,1 ,2 Ian Douglas,3 Heather Whitaker 4 The self controlled case series (SCCS) method is an epidemiological study design for which individuals act as their own control—ie, comparisons are made within individuals. In 2016, the Journal introduced a new section entitled “Study Design.” Manuscripts published in this section include those in which the designs, methods, and procedures of specific epidemiologic studies, particularly large and/or multicenter studies, are described. For this Discussion, you will identify and design epidemiological research studies. Hence, only individuals who have experienced an event are included and all time invariant confounding is eliminated. Table 1 lists epidemiological study designs and specific goals these can help achieve. Prospective Conducted forward in time: into the future 2. A retrospective study is one where the study starts after the exposure (and probably outcome) has been ascertained. 2 Exposures & Outcomes Exposure. DEFINITION OF … The final module is dedicated to randomised controlled trials, which is often considered the optimal study design, especially in clinical research. Outcome. This module focuses on case-control studies, which is one of the best known epidemiological study designs. It generally describes an injury or injuries to one or two individuals that have been identified in a medical setting. View this table: View inline; View popup; Table 1 . Study Design Collection. Based on direction of follow-up/data collection: 1. In epidemiological study design, we study and discover the cause of a disease or other health outcomes. Epidemiological studies can also be prospective or retrospective. The more appropriate the study design, the more convin-cing the evidence that will be produced. Media reports may sensationalize results and overstate outcomes. Retrospective Conducted backward in time: past events. Epidemiological Study Designs Dr. M.M. View Study-Designs-ppt.pdf from NURSING 104 at University of Nairobi. In an experimental study design, researchers assign patients to intervention and control/comparison groups in an attempt to isolate the effects of the intervention. The 6 D’s of Health Outcomes Death Disease Discomfort Disability Dissatisfaction Destitution A bad outcome if Untimely A set of Symptoms, Signs and Lab results Symptoms such as pain, nausea and itching Impaired ability to go about usual activities Emotional reaction to disease and its care Financial … Especially for AYUSH reseachers 11 In particular, recent advances in causal inference methodology have removed some of the previous postulated weaknesses of observational studies not being able to answer causal questions. Seminar Objectives Provide an overview of different types of study designs. Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Individuals Populations Clinical medicine Public health medicine. Successful studies need to address two important dimen- sions: reliability and validity. Table 1 lists epidemiological study designs and specific goals these can help achieve. Overview of Study Designs Kyoungmi Kim, Ph.D. July 13 & 20, 2016 This seminar is jointly supported by the following NIH-funded centers: We are video recording this seminar so please hold questions until the end. Molecules What/why? The four main stud designs of epidemniology - cross sectional, cohort, case control and RCT are explained using a single example. The study designs can be broadly classified as experimental or observational based on the approach used to assess whether exposure and an outcome are associated. Acohort*study!isaformoflongitudinalobservationalstudy.Itbeginswithagroupofpeople! The case report is the most elementary study design in the literature. In this course, you will learn about the main epidemiological study designs, including cross-sectional and ecological studies, case-control and cohort studies, as well as the more complex nested case-control and case-cohort designs. Experimental studies – deliberate intervention is made and the effect of such intervention is observed. Epidemiological Study DesignsUnderstanding the differences among the types of epidemiological study designs is important for translating the results to public health practice. Epidemiological Study Designs, Survey Development & Capitalizing on EHR Data. Each epidemiological study design has its merits and its weaknesses, and each is better suited to answering certain types of question. Description of epidemiological study designs (adapted from Detels 8) The more appropriate the study design, the more convincing the evidence that will be produced. 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